Deep Space Nine

''Star Trek: Deep Space Nine'' (abbreviated as ''DS9'') is an American science fiction television series created by Rick Berman and Michael Piller. The fourth series in the '' Star Trek'' media franchise, it originally aired in syndication from January 3, 1993, to June 2, 1999, spanning 176 episodes over seven seasons. Set in the 24th century, when Earth is part of a United Federation of Planets, its narrative is centered on the eponymous space station Deep Space Nine, located adjacent to a wormhole connecting Federation territory to the Gamma Quadrant on the far side of the Milky Way galaxy.

Following the success of '' Star Trek: The Next Generation'', Paramount Pictures commissioned a new series set in the ''Star Trek'' fictional universe. In creating ''Deep Space Nine'', Berman and Piller drew upon plot elements introduced in ''The Next Generation'', namely the conflict between two alien species, the Cardassians and the Bajorans. ''Deep Space Nine'' was the first ''Star Trek'' series to be created without the direct involvement of franchise creator Gene Roddenberry, the first set on a space station rather than a traveling starship and the first to have an African American as its central character: Starfleet Commander, and then Captain, Benjamin Sisko (played by Avery Brooks).

Changes were made to the series over the course of its seven-year run. In the third season, the starship USS ''Defiant'' was introduced to enable more stories away from the space station, and the fourth added Worf (Michael Dorn), a character who originated on ''The Next Generation'', to the main cast. The final three seasons deal with a story arc, that of the war between the Federation and an invading Gamma Quadrant power, the Dominion. Although not as popular as ''The Next Generation'', ''Deep Space Nine'' was critically well-received. Following the success of ''Deep Space Nine'', Paramount commissioned Berman, Piller and Jeri Taylor to produce '' Star Trek: Voyager'', which began in 1995. During ''Deep Space Nine'' run, various episode novelizations and tie-in video games were produced. After the show ended, various novels and comics continued the crew's adventures.

Premise

The main setting of ''Deep Space Nine'' is a space station near the planet Bajor, built by the imperialistic Cardassians during their long, brutal occupation of Bajor. After liberating themselves through a guerrilla war, the Bajorans invite the United Federation of Planets to jointly administer the station. The station is renamed Deep Space Nine, and a Starfleet crew is assigned to manage it, led by Commander Benjamin Sisko.

Shortly after his arrival, Sisko discovers a stable wormhole in Bajoran space between the Alpha Quadrant and the unexplored Gamma Quadrant, and the station is moved near the wormhole's entrance. The wormhole is the home of powerful, non-corporeal aliens whom the Bajorans worship as "the Prophets". Sisko is revered by the Bajorans as the Prophets' "Emissary"; although he is initially uncomfortable with being a religious figure, he gradually grows to accept his role.

Deep Space Nine and Bajor quickly become a center for exploration, interstellar trade, political maneuvering, and finally open conflict. Threats come not only from Cardassians, Klingons and Romulans from the Alpha Quadrant, but later from the Dominion, a powerful empire in the Gamma Quadrant ruled by a race of shapeshifters. The starship USS ''Defiant'' is assigned to help protect the station. When the Dominion and the Cardassians take up arms against the Federation and its allies starting in the fifth season, Deep Space Nine becomes a key Federation base in the Dominion War.

According to co-creator Berman, he and Piller considered setting the new series on a colony planet, but they decided a space station would appeal more to viewers, and would save the money required for a land-based show's on-location shooting. They did not want the show set aboard a starship because ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'' was still in production, and in Berman's words, it "seemed ridiculous to have two shows—two casts of characters—that were off going where no man has gone before".The DVD set ''Star Trek: Deep Space Nine—The Complete First Season'' includes the featurette "A Bold New Beginning", in which Berman and others explain the series's early design phases and their goals in creating it.

While its predecessors tended to restore the ''status quo ante'' at the end of each episode, allowing out-of-order viewing, ''DS9'' contains story arcs that span episodes and seasons. One installment often builds upon earlier ones, with several cliffhanger endings. Michael Piller considered this one of the series' best qualities, allowing repercussions of past episodes to influence future events and forcing characters to "learn that actions have consequences." This trend was especially noticeable toward the series finale, by which time the show was intentionally scripted as a serial.

Unlike ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'', interpersonal conflicts were prominently featured in ''DS9''. This was at the suggestion of ''Star Trek: The Next Generation''s writers, many of whom also wrote for ''DS9'', who said that Roddenberry's prohibition of conflicts within the crew restricted their ability to write compelling dramatic stories. In Piller's words, "People who come from different places—honorable, noble people—will naturally have conflicts". The series took a more cynical view of human nature and the United Federation of Planets than the utopian vision presented in ''The Next Generation'', and unlike its predecessor it featured main characters who were not from the Federation and could offer an alternative perspective.

Cast

Main cast

Supporting cast

Recurring characters

The setting of the series—a space station rather than a starship—fostered a rich assortment of recurring characters. It was not unheard of for "secondary" characters to play as much of a role in an episode as the regular cast, if not more. For example, "The Wire" focused principally on the recurring character Elim Garak, while in "It's Only a Paper Moon", the central characters were Nog and Vic Fontaine, with the regular characters in supporting roles.

Several Cardassian characters figure prominently in ''DS9'', particularly Gul Dukat, a senior member of the Cardassian military involved in the occupation of Bajor, played by Marc Alaimo. A complex character, Dukat undergoes several transformations before ultimately resolving as a profoundly evil character, and Sisko's archenemy, by the show's conclusion. A StarTrek.com article about ''Star Trek''s greatest villains described Gul Dukat as "possibly the most complex and developed bad guy in ''Star Trek'' history".

Elim Garak, portrayed by Andrew Robinson, is the only Cardassian who remains on the space station when the Federation and the Bajorans take over. Although he maintains that he is merely a simple tailor, Garak is a former agent of the Obsidian Order, the feared Cardassian secret police; his skills and contacts on Cardassia prove invaluable on several occasions, and he becomes a pivotal figure in the war with the Dominion.

Damar (Casey Biggs) is introduced in season 4 as an aide to Gul Dukat, and he rises in stature as Dukat regains prominence. He becomes the leader of the Cardassian Union when Dukat has an emotional breakdown, but, dissatisfied with Cardassia's relationship with the Dominion, Damar forms and leads an insurgency against the Dominion, playing a vital role in its eventual defeat.

Jeffrey Combs has stated that he had auditioned for the role of William Riker on ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'', but when Jonathan Frakes (who won the part) later directed the ''DS9'' episode "Meridian", he recommended Combs for a part.Combs, Jeffrey. Interview conducted January 30, 2003. Included as a "Hidden File" with ''Star Trek: Deep Space Nine – The Complete Third Season''. Combs made his ''Star Trek'' and ''DS9'' debut as a one-episode alien named Tiron, before being cast as two recurring characters, the Ferengi Brunt and the Vorta Weyoun. He would go on to appear in 31 episodes of ''DS9''. In " The Dogs of War", he became one of the few ''Star Trek'' actors to play two unrelated roles (Brunt and Weyoun) in the same episode. He would later play the recurring role of Shran on ''Star Trek: Enterprise''.

In addition to Quark and his brother Rom (Max Grodénchik), several other Ferengi had recurring roles, including their shrewd mother Ishka (Andrea Martin, later Cecily Adams), who eventually engineers a social revolution on Ferenginar; Rom's son Nog ( Aron Eisenberg), the first Ferengi to join Starfleet; and Grand Nagus Zek (Wallace Shawn), the Ferengi leader. The Bajoran character Leeta (Chase Masterson Empire plays a significant role in ''DS9''. Aside from Worf, recurring Klingon characters include Chancellor Gowron (Robert O'Reilly), leader of the Empire, who was introduced on ''The Next Generation'', and General Martok (J. G. Hertzler), a leader of the Klingon forces in the Dominion War, who succeeds Gowron as Chancellor when Gowron is killed by Worf late in the series. Kor, a Klingon character from ''Star Trek: The Original Series'', appears in three ''DS9'' episodes; one of them, " Blood Oath", unites Kor with two other Klingons from the original series: Koloth and Kang. John Colicos, William Campbell and Michael Ansara reprised their original series roles.

Morn is a minor character who is a fixture in Quark's establishment, sitting at the bar over the course of seven years. It became a running joke that, though the other characters remark on how talkative and funny he is, he never speaks a word on camera. Morn did have a line in the script for pilot episode "Emissary", but it was cut due to run time considerations, after which the creators conceived the joke that he never talks.Edrmann and Block (2000
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Season overview

''Star Trek: Deep Space Nine'' ran for seven seasons, from 1993 to 1999. The first season started half-way through the typical broadcast season running from fall to spring and had fewer episodes than typical ''Star Trek'' runs.

Plot elements

Major plotlines focus on several key ''Star Trek'' cultures, especially interactions between the Bajorans, Cardassians, Ferengi, Klingons, and the Federation. Each of these cultures is represented by major characters in the main or recurring cast.

Major arcs revolve around Bajor's recovery from Cardassian occupation; the Maquis, a rebellious Federation splinter group; and the Dominion, a hostile imperial power from the other side of the galaxy. The war between the Dominion and the Federation spans the last two seasons of the show, after tensions between the two gradually increase from the beginning of the third season. Throughout the series, loyalties and alliances change repeatedly: pacts with the Cardassians are made, broken, and remade; a short war with the Klingons flares up and is settled; Bajor grows into political stability; and formerly neutral powers are drawn into conflict.

Bajor

In the first episode, Starfleet Commander Benjamin Sisko arrives at Deep Space Nine, a space station formerly operated by the Cardassians during their oppressive occupation of the planet Bajor. He is assigned to run the station jointly with the newly liberated Bajorans as they recover from the Cardassian occupation, to help pave the way for Bajor's entry into the Federation. Sisko and Jadzia Dax stumble upon a wormhole leading to the distant Gamma Quadrant, and discover that it is inhabited by beings who are not bound by normal space and time. To the strongly religious people of Bajor, the wormhole aliens are their gods (the Prophets) and the wormhole itself is the long-prophesied Celestial Temple. Sisko is hailed as the Emissary of the Prophets, through whom the Prophets act.

Bajor's politics and religion, and Sisko's status within it, provide the basis for long-lasting story arcs. Early seasons show Bajor reckoning with the aftermath of occupation and establishing itself as a democracy. Meanwhile, Sisko initially considers his role as a religious icon with discomfort and skepticism, striving to keep his role as commander of the station distinct from any religious obligations that the Bajorans try to place on him. Later, he becomes more accepting of his role and, by the end of the series, he openly embraces it. He is often called upon to choose between his role as Emissary and his duties to Starfleet, as when he persuades the Bajorans to withdraw their application for Federation membership after receiving a vision from the Prophets. The political and religious implications of Sisko's status for Bajor and its spiritual leaders (most notably, Winn Adami) provide a central arc that lasts until the end of the series.

The Maquis

The station crew early on contends with a resistance group known as the Maquis. Rooted in the events of ''The Next Generation'' episode "Journey's End", in which Native American settlers refuse to leave when their planet is given to Cardassia as part of a treaty, the Maquis are an example of the show's exploration of darker themes: its members are Federation citizens who take up arms against Cardassia in defense of their homes, and some, such as Calvin Hudson, a long-time friend of Sisko's, and Michael Eddington, who defects while serving aboard the station, are Starfleet officers. The show's critique of traditional ''Star Trek'' themes can be seen in episodes such as " For the Cause", in which Eddington compares the Federation to the implacable alien hive mind known as the Borg: "At least he Borgtell you about their plans for assimilation. You assimilate people and they don't even know it."

The Dominion War

The second-season episode "Rules of Acquisition" marks the first mention of the Dominion, a ruthless empire in the Gamma Quadrant, though they are not fully introduced until the second-season finale, "The Jem'Hadar". It is led by "the Founders", a race of shape-shifting Changelings, the same species as DS9's security chief Odo. They were once persecuted by non-shape-shifters (whom they call "solids") and they seek to impose "order" upon any who could potentially harm them, which includes nearly all solids. The Founders have created or genetically modified races to serve them: their sly diplomats and administrators, the Vorta, and their fearless shock troops, the Jem'Hadar. These races worship the Founders as gods.

At the start of ''DS9''s third season ("The Search"), with the threat of a Dominion attack looming from the other side of the wormhole, the USS ''Defiant'', a prototype warship, is stationed at Deep Space Nine, providing an avenue for plot lines away from the station. With the third season, writers from the now completed ''The Next Generation'' began to write regularly for ''DS9''.

In the middle seasons of the show, the Dominion foments discord to weaken the Alpha Quadrant powers, manipulating the Klingons into war with the Cardassians and almost inciting a coup d'état on Earth. In the fifth-season episode "By Inferno's Light" the Dominion annexes Cardassia, and goes to war with the other major powers of the Alpha Quadrant in the season finale " Call to Arms". The Dominion War tests Starfleet's commitment to its ethics; when the formerly neutral Romulans are persuaded to ally themselves with the Federation (" In the Pale Moonlight"), it is only through criminal and duplicitous acts on Sisko's part. This provides an example of the moral ambiguity prevalent in ''DS9'' in comparison to the other ''Star Trek'' series.

Section 31

Another example of ''DS9''s darker nature is the introduction of Section 31, a secret organization dedicated to preserving the Federation way of life at any cost. This shadowy group, introduced in "Inquisition", justifies its unlawful, unilateral tactics by claiming that it is essential to the continued existence of the Federation. Section 31 features prominently in several episodes of the Dominion War arc, especially as it is revealed that it attempted a genocide of the Founders.

The Ferengi

In ''DS9'', the Ferengi are no longer an enemy of the Federation, but rather an economic power whose political neutrality is, for the most part, respected. A number of episodes explore their capitalistic nature, while others delve into the race's sexist social norms. Unlike their depiction in ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'', where they were generally portrayed as sexist buffoons in ''DS9'' they received a more complex depiction. Some Ferengi characters seek life paths outside the pursuit of profit, such as Nog, who becomes the first Ferengi to join Starfleet; others attempt to reform Ferengi society from within, such as Ishka, who leads a women's rights revolution on the Ferengi homeworld, and Rom, who leads a strike against unfair working conditions in Quark's bar.

The Mirror Universe

Several episodes of ''DS9'' explore the Mirror Universe, first introduced in the ''Star Trek: The Original Series'' episode " Mirror, Mirror". In the second-season episode "Crossover", Kira and Dr. Bashir are accidentally sent to the Mirror Universe and discover that it is dominated by a ruthless Klingon–Cardassian alliance and Terrans (humans) are slaves. Over the course of five Mirror Universe episodes of ''DS9'', the Terran workers form a resistance movement and eventually liberate themselves ("Through the Looking Glass", "Shattered Mirror", "Resurrection", "The Emperor's New Cloak").

Production

The series was created by Rick Berman and Michael Piller at the request of Brandon Tartikoff, and was produced by Paramount Television.Edrmann and Block (2000) page 3 The original ''Star Trek'' series had been pitched as the science fiction equivalent to television westerns such as ''Wagon Train'' and ''DS9'' was instead analogous to shows like ''The Rifleman'', featuring a town or trading post right on the edge of the frontier. As overall head of ''Star Trek'' production, Berman served as executive producer for the series's entire run. Piller initially served as second executive producer and showrunner, but left the series in 1995 to manage '' Star Trek: Voyager''. Writer Ira Steven Behr was promoted by Berman to replace Piller as showrunner and held that role for the remainder of the series. In addition to Berman, Piller, and Behr, key writers included Robert Hewitt Wolfe, Ronald D. Moore, Peter Allan Fields, Bradley Thompson, David Weddle, Hans Beimler and René Echevarria.

Several actors also directed episodes, including Avery Brooks who directed and starred in the critically acclaimed episode "Far Beyond the Stars".

''DS9'' was the first television series in the ''Star Trek'' franchise to use computer-generated imagery (CGI) for exterior space shots. Although a few other television series, like ''Babylon 5'', were using CGI exclusively to avoid the high expense of model photography, the ''Star Trek'' franchise had continued to use primarily physical models for exterior space shots because producers decided models provided more realism. ''DS9'' continued using models where needed, such as the Season 4 premiere and the alternate-universe episode "Shattered Mirror". During the battle sequences between the Federation and Klingon fleets, the effects department used Playmates toys, Ertl model kits and Hallmark Bird-of-Prey Christmas ornaments in the background in an effort to keep production costs down.Edrmann and Block (2000) page 265

The USS ''Defiant'' was the first full-fledged starship in the ''Star Trek'' franchise to have a CGI model used in regular production. It was first built and animated by VisionArt, which was responsible for the morphing of Odo. The CGI ''Defiant'' was featured heavily in the Season 4 episode " Starship Down", where it battled a CGI Jem'Hadar ship in a CGI gas giant's atmosphere.Edrmann and Block (2000
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"most people don't know it's CG. Even people in our Art Department"

The series started using Foundation Imaging and Digital Muse in 1997 (Seasons 6 and 7) for its effects as part of the ongoing storyline of the Dominion occupation of the station. The station itself remained a physical model throughout the series' seven-year run except for the final scene of the series. In October 2006, the physical model of the station was sold for $132,000 in an auction at Christie's auction house in New York City.

The opening sequence was likewise modified in the fourth season, most notably by the introduction of CGI inserts of construction work being performed on the station's exterior by suited maintenance crews, and more docking and launching activity by ships, along with subtle colored wisps of nebulae added to the background starfield. Accordingly, the solo trumpet (preceded by a solo French horn) featured prominently in the main theme by Dennis McCarthy to accentuate the lonely isolation of the outpost was augmented by a chorus of brass as the station attained a more bustling atmosphere following the presence of the wormhole.

The digital effects were done in standard definition and thus the series cannot be re-released in HD format without re-doing the special effects.

Episodes

Overall 176 episodes of ''Star Trek: Deep Space Nine'' would be produced with an average run-time of 43 minutes each. ''Geek.com'' calculated 126 hours of total viewing time for the series.

The show debuted in January 1993 with the double-episode "The Emissary", half-way through the 6th season of ''The Next Generation''. This is the first time that two ''Star Trek'' franchise series aired concurrently, which would continue until ''DS9'' ended in 1999, except for late 1994, when ''Next Generation'' ended and ''DS9'' was alone on the air. But in the next year, ''Star Trek: Voyager'' aired on the then-new UPN network, so that once again two shows from the franchise aired.

The most acclaimed episodes of ''DS9'' include these: " In the Pale Moonlight", in which Sisko wrestles with compromising his ethics to win the Dominion War; " The Visitor", in which an elderly Jake Sisko tries desperately to undo the loss of his father; and "Far Beyond the Stars", in which Sisko has a vision of himself as a writer coping with racism in 20th-century New York.

Reception

Although ''DS9''s ratings remained solid, it was never as successful as the syndicated ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'', with approximately 6% versus 11% of US households watching during sweeps months. However, it continued to perform better than its franchise sibling ''Star Trek: Voyager'', which averaged around 5% according to the Nielsen ratings. One factor was the increasingly crowded syndicated marketplace, which provided viewers with a number of alternative television series to follow. Another factor was the minimal promotion for ''DS9'', as Paramount focused its efforts on its flagship network series '' Star Trek: Voyager''. From 1995 onwards, most of the independent stations joined new networks (UPN and The WB), and these primetime shows gradually pushed syndicated programming into less favorable time slots as the US television market expanded from four networks (in 1987 when ''TNG'' premiered) to six.

Critical reception

''DS9'' was well received by critics, with ''TV Guide'' describing it as "the best acted, written, produced, and altogether finest" ''Star Trek'' series. Though debuting in the shadow of ''The Next Generation'', ''DS9'' achieved a considerable level of success in its own right. According to a press release through ''Newswire'' on April 7, 1999, it was the #1 syndicated show in the United States for adults 18–49 and 25–54. The characters of ''DS9'' were featured on the cover of ''TV Guide'' ten times during its run, including several "special issue" editions in which a set of four different-covered versions were printed.

The series won a number of awards. It was nominated for Emmy Awards every year of its run, including for makeup, cinematography, art direction, special effects, hairstyling, music (direction and composition), and costumes. Of these, it won two for makeup (for "Captive Pursuit" and " Distant Voices"), one for special visual effects (for "Emissary"), and one for its main title theme music (by composer Dennis McCarthy). It was also nominated for two Hugo Awards in the category of Best Dramatic Presentation for " The Visitor" and "Trials and Tribble-ations".

''Deep Space Nine'' drew praise from African-American, Latino and other minority viewers for its handling of the minority characters, particularly the Sisko family members. In addition, actor Alexander Siddig (who portrayed Dr. Bashir) expressed his enthusiasm for the fact that he, with his English accent, unusual screen name at time of casting (Siddig El Fadil), and North African heritage was a main character on a prominent television series, despite not being as easily racially identifiable to audiences as many other TV actors and characters were at the time.

Andrew Robinson (actor), Andrew J. Robinson commented on ''DS9'' not being as popular as its predecessors: "It's not the most popular because it's the most morally ambiguous... Whenever you have characters who are gray rather than black and white... Although they are more interesting, they are more difficult for people to get a handle on. I loved ''DS9'' because they were gray, because the characters were not easily definable, but that's not for everybody".

Author Terry J. Erdmann commented: "''DS9'' was never as popular as its two predecessors, although it arguably was a more critically acclaimed series". In 2018, IndieWire ranked ''Star Trek: Deep Space Nine'' as the 3rd best space science fiction show set in outer space, while placing ''Star Trek'' (1966–1969) in 8th place and ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'' (1987–1994) in 12th place among other shows in this genre, including 18 overall.

In 2016, ''The Washington Post'' called the Dominion war arc possibly the "richest narrative" of the ''Star Trek'' universe, though the arc's only standout episode is "In the Pale Moonlight", which it ranked the 4th best episode of all ''Star Trek'' for highlighting the moral confusion and compromises that can occur during war. In 2016, the ''Los Angeles Times'' ranked ''DS9'' third of all ''Star Trek'' films and TV series. In 2017, Vulture.com, ''Vulture'' ranked it the best live-action ''Star Trek'' television show. In 2019, ''Popular Mechanics'' ranked it the 16th best science fiction television show ever. In 2021, ''Variety (magazine), Variety'' magazine ranked it ninth among ''Star Trek'' film and television series. In 2021, Empire (film magazine), ''Empire'' magazine ranked it the 46th greatest television show ever, saying its seasons-long character and story arcs make it good for binge-watching.

Former cast members and staff

In a 2007 interview with If Magazine, George Takei, who had played the character Hikaru Sulu in ''The Original Series'', criticized ''DS9'' for being the polar opposite of Gene Roddenberry's philosophy and vision of the future. Writer D. C. Fontana thought that as a World War II veteran Roddenberry would have appreciated the show and its dark themes. Bjo Trimble, one of the major forces behind the letter-writing campaign that helped renew ''The Original Series'' for its third season, commented that she thought Roddenberry would have "come to like ''DS9'', had he lived to see it", and that "the only reason there were not full battles in early ''Star Trek'' is lack of funds to pull it off, and lack of technology to show it. Otherwise, GR would certainly have added it; he knew what audiences liked".

Roddenberry is quoted in ''The Making of Star Trek DS9'' as having doubts that a non-exploration show could work, and being displeased with early concepts presented to him in 1991. However, Rick Berman stated in the ''Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Companion'' that Roddenberry had given him his blessing for developing it close to his death.

At Shore Leave 14 in July 1992, Majel Barrett commented on Roddenberry's involvement, saying: "He knew about it, but he was not about to become involved. He had done what he wanted to do and that was it. He just wished them Godspeed and go ahead. And as long as the name ''Star Trek'' is on it, yes, the estate will have a part of the action."

Ronald D. Moore, one of the series' main writers (who previously wrote for '' Star Trek: The Next Generation'' and would go on to create the Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series), re-imagined ''Battlestar Galactica''), praised the show as the "ultimate achievement for the [''Star Trek''] franchise" in 2002:

I think ''Deep Space [Nine]'' was the show that really took ''Star Trek'' as far as you could take it. You have ''The Original Series'' which is a sort of a landmark, it changes everything about the way science fiction is presented on television, at least space-based science fiction. Then you have ''Next Generation'' which, for all of its legitimate achievements is still a riff on the original. It's still sort of like, ok, it's another star ship and it's another captain – it's different but it's still a riff on the original. Here comes ''Deep Space [Nine]'' and it just runs the table in a different way. It just says ok, you think you know what ''Star Trek'' is, let's put it on a space station, and let's make it darker. Let's make it a continuing story, and let's continually challenge your assumptions about what this American icon means. And I think it was the ultimate achievement for the franchise. Personally, I think it's the best of all of them, I think it's an amazing piece of work.

Scholarly reception

J. Emmett Winn, in his discussion of the portrayal of Ferengi, criticized the show for "perpetuat[ing] racial stereotypes and promot[ing] mainstream cultural assimilation as a noble, desirable quest and as the correct way for the racialized "other" to exist".

Since the end of the series many other scholars have addressed a variety of aspects of the show, including Victor Grech's analysis of the Cardassians as representing Nazis; Douglas Cowan's chapter looking at religion in science fiction "Heeding the Prophet's Call: Star Trek: Deep Space Nine"; and Roger A. Sneed's ''The Dreamer and The Dream: Afrofuturism and Black Religious Thought'' and Lisa Doris Alexander's article "Far Beyond the Stars: The Framing of Blackness in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine", both of which address the way Deep Space 9 broke new ground in depicting race in science fiction.

''Babylon 5'' controversy

''Babylon 5'', another science fiction series with a similar premise, set on a space station, aired around the same period as ''Deep Space Nine''. ''Babylon 5'' creator J. Michael Straczynski indicated that Paramount Television was aware of his concept as early as 1989, when he attempted to sell the show to the studio, and provided them with the series Bible (writing), bible, pilot script, artwork, lengthy character background histories, and plot synopses for 22 "or so planned episodes taken from the overall course of the planned series".

Paramount declined to produce ''Babylon 5'', but later announced ''Deep Space Nine'' was in development, two months after Warner Bros. announced its plans for ''Babylon 5''. Straczynski stated that, even though he was confident that ''Deep Space Nine'' producer/creators Rick Berman and Michael Piller had not seen this material, he suspected that Paramount executives used his bible and scripts to steer development of ''Deep Space Nine''. He and Warners did not file suit against Paramount, largely because Straczynski did not see it as a productive option, with negative repercussions for both TV series. In 1993, he responded to a ''Deep Space Nine'' fan who saw the lack of legal action as proof that Straczynski's allegation was unfounded, "If there is any (to use your term) winking and nudging going on, it's on the level of 'Okay, YOU (Paramount) know what happened, and *I* know what happened, but let's try to be grownup about it for now,' though I must say that the shapechanging thing nearly tipped me back over the edge again. If there are no more major similarities that crop up in the next few weeks or months, with luck we can continue that way."

Music

On June 30, 1993, between seasons one and two, ''DS9'' followed the example of other ''Star Trek'' series in releasing the original score from its pilot episode on CD. The title theme was also made available as a CD single. Music from several other episodes is included on ''The Best of Star Trek'' releases.

Originally created in the hope that Frank Sinatra Jr. would take the role,Edrmann and Block (2000
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/ref> the character Vic Fontaine (instead played by 1960s heart throb James Darren) was introduced in the sixth-season episode "His Way". The character was a self-aware holographic Las Vegas lounge singer and night club owner from the early 1960s. Vic was popular with the station's crew and performed many period songs by, among others, Frank Sinatra and Nat King Cole. Darren's role allowed him to release ''This One's from the Heart'' on August 24, 1999, featuring songs that Vic sang in the show and other period pieces.

On February 12, 2013, La La Land Records released a limited edition, four-disc soundtrack collection entitled the ''Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Collection''. The discs contain various cues from episodes scored by Dennis McCarthy, Jay Chattaway, David Bell (composer), David Bell, Paul Baillargeon, John Debney, Richard Bellis and Gregory Smith. Only 3000 copies of the collection were printed.

Home media

Episodes of ''DS9'' were made available on VHS cassettes. The series was released on VHS in the United Kingdom starting August 2, 1993. Each video cassette contained two episodes and unique artwork and character/plot information. The first VHS release in the United States came on November 19, 1996.

Beginning in 1996, ''DS9'' began releases on LaserDisc. Picture and sound quality in this format was significantly better than that of VHS cassettes; however, the Laserdisc format was discontinued in 1997. Only 30 discs, or the first 60 episodes, were released, comprising the first, second and part of the third season before Pioneer halted its production of ''Star Trek'' laserdiscs in October 1999. DS9 LaserDiscs were also produced for the Japanese and European markets. In Japan, the first five seasons were released in a series of ten boxed sets (two per season) before they were cancelled around the same time as the US releases. In Europe, a select few DS9 episodes were released on PAL laserdisc: "Emissary", also included in the boxed set ''Star Trek: The Pilots''; "The Way of the Warrior", parts 1 and 2; and "Trials and Tribble-ations" from DS9, "The Trouble with Tribbles" from ''Star Trek: The Original Series'', and "More Tribbles, More Troubles" from ''Star Trek: The Animated Series''.

Following the DVD release of ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'' in 2002, ''DS9'' was released on DVD beginning in February 2003. ''DS9'' was released in boxed sets of one season each, which were released approximately one month apart. Each season contains several "special features", including a biographical look at a main character, information from make-up designer Michael Westmore on how various aliens were created, and interviews with cast members and crew members.

The sets also include "Section 31" easter egg (media), easter eggs that give a brief look at other aspects of the series. The Region 2 and 4 DVDs also come with bonus CD-ROM discs that allow users to build a "virtual" ''DS9'' on their computer with each release (this software can no longer be installed as the on-line registration is no longer available). On October 26, 2004, a boxed set of all seven season sets was also released.

In 2017, the complete series was released on a DVD box set, with 176 episodes on 48 discs; the set also included a variety of extras that was the same as those on the 2003 Box Set. An example of bonus content is a featurette ''Deep Space Nine: A Bold New Beginning".

''What We Left Behind''

In 2017, Ira Steven Behr announced he had reconvened much of the former cast and crew of ''Deep Space Nine'' for a documentary film entitled ''What We Left Behind''. It had a very positive response and surpassed its fundraising goals, and this success led to ground-breaking conversions of ''Deep Space Nine'' footage into higher definition although it caused some delays. A screening version was released in late 2018 in Hollywood, New York, and at the ''Destination Star Trek'' convention in the UK.

By February 2017, the documentary was partially finished, with an Indiegogo fundraising page set up to crowdsource the rest of the money needed to complete it. In addition to interviews with cast and crew, the documentary will explore ''Deep Space Nine''s legacy; Behr also reconvened the series' old writers' room to develop a script for the first episode of an imagined eighth season, which will be featured in the film. In 2017, a tentative release date was set for 2018. In the summer of 2018, the makers scheduled special release events starting in October 2018. A version was able to be screened at these special release events at Paramount in Hollywood and some other locations, but a decision was made to delay the media release to increase the amount of high-definition conversions.

In 2017, a fundraiser for the documentary surpassed its target of nearly $150,000 within a day of going live. It went on to raise over $500,000 by March 2017, almost four times the amount requested. When it concluded it had raised over $631,000 from thousands of donations.

Development of ''What We Left Behind'' took extra time due in part to the large amount of material for editing and technical challenges. This includes crafting special effects footage and working with CBS to make high-definition scans. The makers also expanded the amount of footage that is being remastered, and innovated with a 16:9 scan of the original ''DS9'' film.

In August 2018, it was announced the documentary would have original music scored by ''Star Trek'' veterans Dennis McCarthy (256 ''Star Trek'' episodes scored) and Kevin Kiner (10 ''Star Trek'' episodes scored). The documentary's producer is Kai de Mello-Folsom, in consultation with others from the original creative team including ''Star Trek'' franchise legends such as Michael Okuda, Jonathan West, and Doug Drexler.

It premiered in late 2018 at the following locations:

* Los Angeles, October 12
* New York City, October 14
* Birmingham, UK, October 20, during the ''Destination Star Trek'' convention

The strong community support and overall response, as well as the creative team's access to resources to create the high-definition sequences led to a delay to increase the sequences filmed in higher definition for the documentary. Although the screening version was complete and could have been released as-is, a creative decision was made to undertake converting more sequences into high definition.
One teaser showed concept art of a ''Star Trek'' spacecraft, which appears in the documentary in an animated sequence. The spacecraft design was by John Eaves, who designed many spacecraft in the franchise's television shows and theatrical films.

On May 13, 2019, there was a limited theatrical release. It played at about 800 theaters and grossed over $380,000. The film reviewed various aspects of the series from a perspective of twenty years later, explored a plot for a notional eighth season, and included many clips re-scanned from original footage in high definition.

On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 100% based on reviews from 9 critics.

Books

Pocket Books has published several dozen books based on ''DS9''. Some of these were novelizations of memorable episodes, such as "Emissary", "The Search" and "What You Leave Behind", which were usually published a few days after the episode aired in the United States. Several novels were part of "crossover" series between the ''Star Trek'' franchises, while others were part of other franchises but dealt with events laid out in ''DS9''. For example, ''The Battle of Betazed'' tells of how Deanna Troi attempted to resist the Dominion occupation of her world (mentioned in the episode " In the Pale Moonlight"). Most focus on the station and its crew, with a notable exception being Ira Steven Behr and Robert Hewitt Wolfe's ''Legends of the Ferengi''.

The "Millennium" series by Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens, published by Pocket Books beginning in 2000, consists of ''The Fall of Terok Nor'' (book 1), ''The War of the Prophets'' (book 2), and ''Inferno'' (book 3). The series lays out an alternate ending to ''DS9'' (the novels were actually written before the series concluded) in which a second wormhole is created by the actions of a number of shady characters, destroying the station. In the space-time distortion that occurs, most of the crew are transported 25 years into the future—a future in which the Federation and its allies are virtually crushed and a fanatical sect of Bajorans who worships the Pah-wraiths have ascended to power and plan to destroy the universe to bring about a higher state of existence. ''Inferno'' ends the series as an unexpected mode of time travel is discovered ''after'' the end of the universe, allowing the ''DS9'' crew to alter past events.

''Avatar'', a two-part novel published on May 1, 2001, picked up where the series left off. It began Star Trek: Deep Space Nine relaunch, season 8 of ''DS9'', into which ''A Stitch in Time'' (a biographical look at the life of Garak, written by Andrew Robinson himself) was incorporated retroactively. The events of "What You Leave Behind", ''DS9''s series finale, caused some radical changes to occur in Season 8. As Benjamin Sisko had entered the Celestial Temple, Colonel Kira was given command of the station while a new commander named Elias Vaughn took over her position, Garak became the leader of post-war Cardassia, Odo helped the Changelings rebuild, and Rom presided over the Ferengi Alliance.

Other publications, such as the ''Deep Space Nine Technical Manual'' and ''Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Companion, Deep Space Nine Companion'', are common to most of the ''Trek'' series. The ''DS9'' Companion contains detailed episode guides and interviews with actors, writers, directors and other staff members.

''DS9'' series influences were included in role-playing game reference books from Last Unicorn Games and Decipher, Inc. Additionally, several novels have also been released in audio form, narrated by René Auberjonois and Armin Shimerman among others.

Comics

Outside its line of novels, ''DS9'' has been the subject of several comic books published by Malibu Comics, Wildstorm Productions, Wildstorm Comics, Marvel Comics and IDW Publishing, IDW. One—Marvel's ''Star Trek: Starfleet Academy (comics), Starfleet Academy''—is a spin-off detailing Nog's experiences as a cadet at the Starfleet Academy, title academy in San Francisco. Another ''DS9'' comic series became an example of licensed ''Star Trek'' works influencing each other as Tiris Jast, a major character from Wildstorm's ''N-Vector'', appeared in the novel ''Avatar, Book One''.

Games

Several video games focus on ''DS9''. The first is ''Star Trek: Deep Space Nine – Crossroads of Time, Crossroads of Time'', a 1995 side-scrolling game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Super NES and Sega Genesis, Genesis. It takes place around the time of the series premiere, borrowing some stories from early episodes such as "Past Prologue" and creating others. A number of problems reportedly impeded the game's development process, and it was met with mixed reactions.

Three ''DS9''-themed games were released for the PC: ''Star Trek: Deep Space Nine: Harbinger, Harbinger'' in 1996, ''Star Trek: Deep Space Nine: The Fallen, The Fallen'' in 2000, and ''Star Trek: Deep Space Nine: Dominion Wars, Dominion Wars'' in 2001. A board game was released as part of the now-defunct "component board game" series, which includes a compatible board game for ''Star Trek: The Next Generation''. ''DS9''s role-playing book is one of several that failed to be released into wide circulation when Decipher, Inc., Decipher, then publisher of the ''Star Trek'' role-playing game, discontinued its line.

''DS9'' is featured prominently in the ''Star Trek Customizable Card Game'', particularly its second edition. In the first edition, ''Deep Space Nine'' is the titular fifth set, followed by one titled "The Dominion" and several other ''DS9''-themed sets. In the second edition, there are two types of cards for the United Federation of Planets, which may be placed at Earth or Deep Space Nine. The Ferengi, Dominion, Cardassian, Bajoran, and Maquis affiliations are primarily ''DS9''-derived material, while the Klingon affiliation also borrows strongly from it.

The PC game ''Star Trek Online'' features Deep Space Nine as a trading hub. The lower ring (The Promenade) contains vendors, and the upper ring offers views of surrounding space. The expansion ''Victory is Life'' is focused around DS9 and the Gamma Quadrant.

In 2019, the ''Star Trek: Deep Space Nine - Red Alert'' video game gambling machine was announced, with a tie-in promotion to the Las Vegas ''Star Trek'' convention.

Other merchandising

Along with the rest of the ''Star Trek'' franchise, ''DS9'' has had much merchandising including Action figures, keychains, and Scale model, models. The station itself is the subject of many of these items. Paramount sells Starfleet uniforms, including the so-called "''DS9''-style" uniform with various division colors.

''DS9'' was represented at Star Trek: The Experience, an attraction at the Las Vegas Hilton with an immersive reenactment of the ''DS9'' universe, as an adventure on the bridge of the ''Enterprise'' and on ''DS9''. Staffed by costumed actors, Quark's Bar & Restaurant served ''Star Trek''-style cuisine, and hosted gatherings such as conventions. The Shopping Promenade sold souvenirs such as "official" Starfleet uniforms and action figures. The attraction closed in September 2008.

References

Bibliography

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External links

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